Kittatinny Regional High School Style Sheet

General Form : Editor's Symbols : Title Page Format : Titles : Capitalization : Punctuation : Outline Form : Thesis Statement
APA Citations : APA References - Books - Periodicals - Electronic Sources- Other Sources

General Form

Use a title page. (see format below)
Use the following common margin settings:
Use Times New Roman font in 12 point.
Use 8.5” by 11” white unlined paper.
Print out double spaced.
Indent .5” for paragraphs.
Do not use & for and.
At the end of a line divide words between syllables only.
In formal papers, avoid contractions.
Do not abbreviate March, April, May, June, or July. Be sure that periods are used after permissible abbreviations. In themes, use only such generally accepted abbreviations as Mr., Mrs., Ms., and Dr.
Spell check all work.
Careless spelling and mechanical errors, such as lack of a period or question mark at the end of a sentence, will be marked down severely.
Do not underline or use quotation marks in your own title.

Editor’s Symbols

c error in use of capital letters

p error in punctuation

sp error in spelling

sf sentence fragment

rs run on sentence

ss error in sentence structure

ms error in manuscript or neatness

ak awkward sentence

nc not clear

gr error in grammar

wc error in word choice

t error in tense

^ omission

ag agreement error

u error in usage

r reptitious

ś error in paragraph use

Title Page Format

1.	From the top of the page move down 15 single spaces.
2.	Type the following information centered and double spaced in the same format as the paper (Times New Roman font in 12 points)

Title

Your name

Submitted to: Teacher’s Name

Name of Course

Date

Titles

Capitalize the first word and all other words-except prepositions, articles, and conjunctions in the titles of books, pamphlets, magazine articles, documents, and other publications

Underline the titles of books, pamphlets, plays, essays, poems long enough to appear as books, magazines, and newspapers

The Call of the Wild
Romeo and Juliet

In mentioning titles of newspapers and magazines, do not treat the initial word the as part of the title except when the name is used separately as a source.

The article was in the English Journal.

3.	Use quotation marks to indicate the titles of magazine articles, chapters of books, one-act plays, short stories, essays, brief poems, and other short selections Shelley's, "To a Skylark" 0. Henry's short story, "The Gift of the Magi"
4.	Quotation marks and underlining are not used for the same title

Capitalization

1.	Capitalize the official titles of organizations and institutions. North Penn High School Student Council Do not capitalize such words as high school, college, or association unless they are used to indicate a specific institution or group. He is a college graduate.
2.	Capitalize a noun or an adjective derived from a noun which designates a language, nationality, or race. English literature the study of French Do not capitalize the names of school subjects except languages and course names followed by a number. a study of science arithmetic class Presently, I am taking English, Biology I, and home economics.
3.	Capitalize the names of classes of a particular high school or college. Sophomores defeated the Juniors. Do not capitalize the words freshman, sophomore, junior, or senior when they designate a year in school rather than the name of a particular class. He is a senior in college; I am a junior.
4.	Capitalize abbreviations for degrees. A.B. Ph.D.
5.	Capitalize a noun or an abbreviation of a noun followed by a numeral indicating place in sequence. Rm. 16 Part IV Grades V and VI
6.	Capitalize the names of departments and titles of officers. The Guidance Director Professor Jackson, Principal Jones

7.	Capitalize the first word of a direct quotation. Bill said, "That is a helpful book." Do not capitalize the first word of a direct quotation if the first words of the original sentence are omitted. One authority says ". . . the speech of the southern states represents an old form of English."
8.	Capitalize north, south, east, and west if they represent whole sections of the country. The North fought the South in the Civil War. Do not capitalize these words when they mean direction only. We drove south. The road led us east.
9.	Capitalize words indicating positions if the proper name follows. General Grant President Washington
10.	Capitalize street, avenue, river and mountain if they are used with a proper noun. Fountain Street Grand River
11.	Capitalize words referring to the Deity, Christ, and Mary: God, Father, Savior, His will, the Virgin Capitalize pronouns referring to God. God revealed Himself to His follower.
12.	Capitalize first words and all nouns in the salutation of a letter. My dear Sir: Dear Friend, Dear John,
13.	Capitalize the first word of every line of poetry.

Punctuation

1.	A period is used after every statement, command, or wish, except when it is exclamatory. every abbreviation or initial. The Hon. Wm. H. Taft All numbers and letters which indicate divisions of an outline.
2.	A question mark should follow every direct question.
3.	An exclamation mark should follow an exclamation.
4.	An apostrophe is used to indicate ownership except in pronouns. *My father's watch, not hers, keeps time.* to indicate the omission of letters. *We haven't seen the parade.*
5.	A comma is used to separate the items of a series unless all parts are joined by conjunctions. *Rust, orange, and purple are fall colors.* to separate words or groups of words which are grammatically independent. Single word answers Yes, we won. Direct address Are you the leader, Fred? Parenthetical expressions *The sea otter, to be sure, is almost extinct.* Exclamations not followed by exclamation marks *Well, can't we play a new game?* To set off words or groups of words that are explanatory. An appositive Bob Stevens, our captain, is an all-around athlete. A non-essential clause *Mark Twain, whose real name was Samuel Clemens, was a famous writer.* A non-essential participial phrase *The firemen, having responded to our call, saved the family.* to separate items of dates and addresses. *Daniel Boone was born February 11, 1735, in Bucks County, Pennsylvania.* to separate an adverb clause coming first in the sentence from a principal clause. *After we played tennis, we ate.* to set off a direct quotation. *She answered, "I'd be delighted."* before the conjunction and, but, or, and nor when they join the principal clauses of a compound sentence. *The problems of conservation are many, but there are many men interested in solving them.* to indicate the omission of necessary words. *The girls are to wear peasant costumes; the boys, blue jeans.*

6.	Quotation marks are used to enclose a direct quotation. *William said, "Who will go?"* at the beginning of each paragraph of a continuous quotation of several paragraphs, but at the end of the last paragraph only.
7.	Single quotation marks are used for a quotation within a quotation. Mary reminded her sister, "You said Mother asked, 'Did Mr. Engle call?"'
8.	A colon is used after as follows, the following, this, thus, and similar expressions when they introduce lists. For the play we need the following items: an oil can, a symphonic record, and a kitten. after the salutation of a business letter.
9.	A semicolon is used to separate the parts of a compound sentence when the conjunction is not used. In front of us a young doe paused; the next instant she bounded off into the woods. to separate items of a series of phrases or clauses when these are subdivided by commas. The main characters are William, who is nine; Aunt Millie, who is a kindly old woman; and Angela, who is the heroine. to precede therefore, however, nevertheless, and other like expressions when they introduce a second principal clause. These words do not serve as conjunctions. We had planned to have our assembly program in the morning; therefore, we were surprised to find that we couldn't.
10.	A hyphen is used to show that a word is completed on the following line. Always break the word between syllables. Never leave a letter of a word on either line. between compound numbers. *twenty-one ninety-nine* with the prefixes ex-, self-, all-. ex-champion self-confident all-star with all prefixes before a proper noun or proper adjective. *mid-September* with prefixes before an adjective only when the adjective precedes the noun. the well-read boy the boy is well read the half-eaten apple the apple is half eaten with the suffix -elect. *President-elect*
11.	Use the underline for all items italicized in printing: titles of books, periodicals, newspapers, works of art, ships, trains, spacecraft, etc. Tess of the D'Urbervilles (book) Time (periodical) Kittatinny Chronicle (newspaper) the Mona Lisa (work of art) the Titanic (ship) Congressional Limited (train) Apollo (spacecraft)

Outline Form

The final outline of a critical or research paper should provide the reader with an efficient overview of the major divisions and key points of the paper. It should be typed on a separate sheet preceding the first page of your text. The conventions of parallel form must be observed when preparing the final outline. A sentence outline is not recommended; use a topic outline, beginning each entry with a capital letter but omitting terminal punctuation.

Sample Outline

F. Scott Fitzgerald's Use of the Valley of Ashes in The Great Gatsby

I. The Valley of Ashes as representation of a darker view of life

A. Description of the Valley of Ashes

B. Description of the inhabitants

1. George Wilson

2. Myrtle Wilson

C. The eyes of Dr. T.J. Eckelburg

II. The Valley of Ashes and its relationship to death

A. Death of Myrtle

B. Death of Gatsby

C. Death of George

III. The Valley of Ashes as a contrast to Gatsby's grand illusion

A. Contrast between the Valley and East and West Egg

B. Contrast between the Wilsons and the inhabitants of East and West Egg

THESIS STATEMENT

Your thesis statement is a decision to follow a certain direction in your research. This declaration determines the organization of your outline and the kinds of research materials you will use. The thesis statement helps you and your reader follow a train of thought throughout your paper. Here are several points to keep in mind when you prepare your thesis statement:

Write your statement in a declarative sentence. Usually it is the summary/concluding sentence in your first or introductory paragraph. Avoid putting your thesis statement in a question, phrase, or word.

Write a thesis statement that is somewhat open to argument, debate, or speculation. Your reader will then want to read on to see how you prove your point with facts, data, and well-formed opinions.

Make sure your thesis statement covers only what you plan to discuss in your paper.

The overall intent and purpose of a thesis statement is to refine ideas and develop a theme or “thesis” which can be “proved” or supported by research. The following list of Thesis Approaches may be suitable to various types of papers since they suggest specific methods of development. Note that the examples are all in declarative sentences which can be “proved”.

THESIS APPROACHES

Chronology The rise of the Imagist Movement can be traced over a period of twenty years.

Procedure Five steps are required to produce liquid oxygen.

Cause/Effect Economic factors caused deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations from 1950-1979.

Problem Differing Moslem ideologies prevent Israeli-Palestinian peace.

Solution The energy crisis can be solved by solar, nuclear, and oceanic power.

Comparison Acupuncture is a better anaesthetic than malothane.

Difference Marriage rites differ among Far Eastern, Middle Eastern, and Western societies.

Relationship Hemmingway's life influenced his work.

Analysis Three major issues are related to the crisis in Iran.

Literary Theme Romantic themes prevail in two major works of Wordsworth

Pro Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban missile crisis was a successful political move.

Con Four medical theories oppose radical mastectomy in breast cancer.

Category Several ethnic populations in America grew during the past ten years.

Identify which thesis approach is being used. Think the words, “I believe …..” just before writing the thesis statement. This will ensure that YOU and YOUR ideas are in the paper. Check your thesis against the following checklist.
THESIS CHECKLIST

My thesis statement is: “(I believe)____________________________________ and it:

uses the (select from list above) thesis approach.

is not too broad.

is not too narrow or technical unless required.

can be proved with the material I have found.

is scholarly.

is OK with my instructor.

The American Psychological Association (APA) recommends in-text citations that refer the reader to a list of references (works cited).

APA in-text citations

The APA’s in-text citations provide at least the author's last name and the date of publication. For direct quotations, a page number is given as well.

BASIC FORMAT FOR A QUOTATION Ordinarily, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in parentheses. Put the page number in parentheses at the end of the quotation.

As Davis (1978) reports, "If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists" (p. 26).

When the author's name does not appear in the signal phrase, place the author's name, the date, and the page number in parentheses at the end. Use commas between items in the parentheses

(Davis,1978, p. 26).

BASIC FORMAT FOR A SUMMARY OR A PARAPHRASE For a summary or a paraphrase, include the author's last name and the date either in a signal phrase or in parentheses at the end. A page number is not required.

According to Davis (1978), when they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise.

When they learned of an ape's ability to use sign language, both linguists and animal behaviorists were taken by surprise (Davis, 1978).

A WORK WITH TWO AUTHORS Name both authors in the signal phrase or parentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use "&" between the authors' names; in the signal phrase, use "and."

Patterson and Linden (1981) agree that the gorilla Koko acquired language more slowly than a normal speaking child.

Koko acquired language more slowly than a normal speaking child (Patterson & Linden, 1981).

A WORK WITH THREE TO FIVE AUTHORS Identify all authors in the signal phrase or the parentheses the first time you cite the source.

The study noted a fluctuating divorce rate in Middletown between the 1920s and the 1970s (Caplow, Bahr, Chadwick, Hill, & Williamson, 1982).

In subsequent citations, use the first author's name followed by “et al." in either the signal phrase or the parentheses.

While the incidence of wife abuse may not be higher than in the past, the researchers found that women are more willing to report it (Caplow et al., 1982).

A WORK WITH SIX OR MORE AUTHORS Use only the first author's name followed by "et al." in all citations.

Communes in the late 1960s functioned like extended families, with child-rearing by all adult members (Berger et al. 1971)

AUTHOR UNKNOWN If the author is not given, either use the complete title in a signal phrase or use the first two or three words of the title in the parenthetical citation.

The UFO reported by the crew of a Japan Air Lines flight remains a mystery. Radar tapes did not confirm the presence of another craft (“Strange Encounter," 1987).

If "Anonymous" is specified as the author, treat it as if it were a real name: (Anonymous, 1991). In the list of references, also use the name Anonymous as author.

CORPORATE AUTHOR If the author is a government agency or with a long and cumbersome name, spell out the name the first time you use it in a citation, followed by an abbreviation in brackets. In later citations simply use the abbreviation.

First citation:

(National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 1992)

Later citations:

(NIMH, 1992)

TWO OR MORE WORKS IN THE SAME PARENTHESES When your parenthetical citation names two or more works, put them in the same order that they appear in the list of references, separated by semi-colons.

(Berger et al., 1971; Smith, 1990.)

AUTHORS WITH THE SAME LAST NAME

To avoid confusion, use initials with the last names if your list of references contains two or more authors with the same last name.

Research by J. A. Smith (1990) revealed that ...

PERSONAL COMMUNICATION Conversations, memos, letters, and similar unpublished person-to-person communications should be cited by initials, last name, and precise date.

L. Smith (personal communication, October 12, 1987) predicts that government funding of this type of research will end soon.

Do not include personal communications in the list of references at the end of your paper.

APA references

(list of works cited)

In APA style, the alphabetical list of works cited is entitled "References." The general principles are as follows:

Invert all authors' names and use initials instead of first names. With two or more authors, use an ampersand (&) rather than the word “and."

Use all authors' names; do not use "et al."

Place the date in parentheses immediately after the last author's name.

Underline titles and subtitles of books: capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle (as well as all proper nouns).

Do not place titles of articles in quotation marks, and capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle (and all proper nouns). Capitalize names of periodicals as you would capitalize them ordinarily . Underline the volume number of periodicals.

Use the abbreviation "p." (or "pp." for plural) before page numbers of magazine and

newspaper articles and works in anthologies, but do not use them before page numbers of articles appearing in scholarly journals.

You may use a short form of the publisher's name as long as it is easily identifiable.

Alphabetize your list by the last name of the author (or editor); if there is no author or editor, alphabetize by the first word of the title other than a, an, or the.

Do not indent the first line of an entry but indent any additional lines three spaces.

Books
BASIC FORMAT FOR A BOOK

Linden, E. (1986). Silent partners: The legacy of the ape
language experiments. New York: Random House.

TWO OR MORE AUTHORS

Patterson, F., & Linden, E. (1981). The education of Koko.
New York: Holt, Rindhart and Winston.

CORPORATE AUTHOR

National Institute of Mental Health. (1976). Behavior
modification: Perspective on a current issue. Rockville,
MD: Author.

UNKNOWN AUTHOR

The Times atlas of the world. (1990). New York: New
York Times.

ENCYCLOPEDIA ARTICLE - SIGNED

Johnson, R.S. (1994). Radioactivity. In The new
encyclopedia Britannica (Vol. 25, pp. 453 - 455).
Chicago: Encyclopedia Britannica.

TRANSLATION

Miller, A. (1990). The untouched key: Tracing childhood
trauma in creativity and destructiveness (H. and H. Hannum,
Trans.). New York: Doubleday.

EDITION OTHER THAN THE FIRST

Falk, J. S. (1978). Linguistics and language: A survey of
basic concepts and implications (2^nd ed.). New York:
Wiley.

WORK IN AN ANTHOLOGY

Basso, K. H. (1970). Silence in western Apache culture.
In P. Giglioli (Ed.), Language and social context (pp.
67-86). Hardmonsworth, England: Penguin.

TWO OR MORE WORKS BY THE SAME AUTHOR Use the author’s name for first and subsequent entries. Arrange the entries by date, the earliest first.

Davis, F. (1973). Inside intuition: What we know
about non-verbal communication. New York:
McGraw-Hill.

Davis, F. (1978). Eloquent animals: A study in animal
communication. New York: Coward, McCann &
Geoghegan.

Periodicals
ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY VOLUME

Otto, M. L. (1984). Child abuse: Group treatment for parents.
Personnel and Guidance Journal, 62, 336-338.

ARTICLE IN A JOURNAL PAGINATED BY ISSUE

Nichols, R. G. (1986). Word processing and basic writers.
Journal of Basic Writing, 5(2), 81-97.

ARTICLE IN A MAGAZINE

Seyfarth, R. M. (1982, March-April). Talking with monkeys
and great apes. International Wildlife, pp. 13-18.

ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER

Cohen, D. L. (1990, June 20). Counselors in elementary
schools: Children’s “prevention specialists.” Education Week,
pp. 1, 14-16.

LETTER TO THE EDITOR

Hopi, M., & Young, J. (1990). European policies serve to
prevent homelessness [Letter to the editor].
Public Welfare, 48(1), pp. 5-6.

REVIEW

Crosby, F. (1990). [Review of Equity and gender: The
comparable worth debate]. Psychology of Women
Quarterly, 14, 147-148.

TWO OR MORE ARTICLES BY THE SAME AUTHOR IN THE SAME YEAR

Cite the works according to the usual style, and arrange them alphabetically by title. Add lowercase letters beginning with “a”, “b”, and so on, within the parentheses immediately following the year.

Eckholm, Erik. (1985a, June 25). Kanzi the chimp: A life in
science. The New York Times, pp. C1, C3.

Eckholm, Erik. (1985b, June 24). Pygmy chimp readily learns
language skill. The New York Times, pp. A1, B7.

Other sources
MATERIAL FROM AN INFORMATION SERVICE OR DATABASE

Seefeldt, R. W., & Lyon, M.A. (1990, March). Personality
   characteristics of adult children of alcoholics: Fact or fiction?
   Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American
   Association for Counseling and Development. Cincinnati,
   OH. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No.
   Ed 316 784)

GOVERNMENT DOCUMENT

U.S. Department of State. (1986). Report to Congress on
voting practices in the United Nations. Washington, DC:
U. S. Government Printing Office.

DISSERTATION ABSTRACT

Pellman, J. L. (1988). Community integration: Its influence on
   the stresses of widowhood (Doctoral dissertation, University
   of Missouri, 1988). Dissertation Abstracts International,
   49, 2367.

PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE

Waterhouse, L. H. (1982). Maternal speech patterns and
   differential development. In C. E. Johnson & C. L. Thew
   (Eds.),   Proceedings of the Second Annual International
   Congress for the Study of Child Language (pp. 442-454).
   Washington, DC: University Press of America.

COMPUTER PROGRAM

Professional file [Computer program]. (1988). Mountain
View, CA: Software Publishing Corporation.

VIDEOTAPE

Minasian, S. M. (Producer). (1985). World of the sea otter
[Videotape]. San Francisco: Marine Mammal Fund.

Electronic Sources

WWW Sites (World Wide Web)

To cite files available for viewing/downloading via the World Wide Web, give the author's name (if known), the full title of the work in quotation marks, the title of the complete work if applicable in italics, the document date if known and if different from the date accessed, the full http address, and the date of visit.

Burka, Lauren P. "A Hypertext History of Multi-User
Dimensions." The MUDdex. 1993.
http://www.apocalypse.org/pub/u/lpb/muddex/essay/
(5 Dec. 1994).

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) Sites

To cite files available for downloading via ftp, give the author's name (if known), the full title of the paper in quotation marks, the document date if known and if different from the date accessed, and the address of the ftp site along with the full path to follow to find the paper, and the date of access.

Bruckman, Amy. "Approaches to Managing Deviant
   Behavior in Virtual Communities." Apr. 1994.
    ftp://ftp.media.mit.edu/pub/asb/papers/deviance-chi94.txt
   (4 Dec.1994).

Telnet Sites

List the author's name or alias (if known), the title of the work (if shown) in quotation marks, the title of the full work if applicable in italics, the document date if known and if different from the date accessed, and the complete telnet address, along with directions to access the publication, along with the date of visit.

traci (#377). "DaedalusMOO Purpose Statement."
DaedalusMOO. telnet://daedalus.com:7777, help
purpose (30 Apr. 1996).

GOPHER Sites (Information available via gopher search protocols)

For information found using gopher search protocols, list the author's name (if known), the title of the paper in quotation marks, the date of publication if known and if different from the date accessed, any print publication information, and the gopher search path followed to access the information, including the date that the file was accessed.

"The Netoric Project." gopher://kairos.daedalus.com:70
/00ftp%3APub%3AACW%3ANETORIC%3
A-Welcome-(13 Jan. 1996).

Email, Listserv, and Newsgroup Citations

Give the author's name or alias (if known), the subject line from the posting in quotation marks, the date of the message if different from the date accessed, and the address of the listserv or newslist, along with the date of access in parentheses. For personal email listings, omit the email address.

Bruckman, Amy S. "MOOSE Crossing Proposal."
mediamoo@media.mit.edu (20 Dec. 1994).

Heilke, J. (1996, May 3). Re:Webfoolios.
   acw-1@ttacs.ttu.edu.
   Available: http://www.ttu.edu/lists/acw-1/9605
   (31 Dec. 1996).

Laws, R. UMI theses publication. alt.education.distance
(3 Jan. 1996).